This is his explanation in the Angostura Address: Nevertheless, the North American people are a singular example of political virtue and moral rectitude. ; I am even aware, thanks to Montesquieu, that one can be a Persian. After Spains humiliating defeat in the Seven Years War, Charles III understood the necessity to cleanse the corrupt and inefficient administration of the Spanish Empire. But there is more. To a certain extent, this implied moving away from its African roots, and some authors made it explicit that, in order to be more civilized, Spain should be less African (Shubert 1999: 2). Retreived from: https://rsf.org/en/ranking. Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. University of Chicago Press. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. In that Constitution, it was made clear that Spain would have equal citizens on both sides of the Atlantic. June 13, 1821. Bolivar was very eloquent in denouncing the vices of Spanish imperialism in his vociferous anti-colonial stand. New York: McMillan. El proceso ideolgico de la emancipacin en Colombia. How, exactly, does the potential for abuse in a monarchy justify the expansion of executive power in a republic? On February 15, 1819, The Liberator entered the Government Palace of Angostura along with Rafael Urdaneta, Toms Montilla and In the Angostura Address, Bolivar, typical in his style, praises North American society over and over again: Our legislators were influenced by the provincials, and were carried away by the dazzling appearance of North Americas happiness, thinking that the blessings she enjoyed were owed exclusively to the form of government, and not to the character of the people (Bolivar 1819). Yet, at the same time, Bolivar seems to reproduce some old colonialist tropes, according to which Anglo-Saxon peoples are more virtuous. 1. Dynamics of Political Transformation, Supplement: Comparative Historical Analysis, Moments and Events of Political Transformation, The Historical and Contemporary Role of Women in Ecuadorian Society, Brazilian Sambas Translation and Dialogue with International Dancesport, Dominican Republic Latin America at the Movies, El Salvador Latin America at the Movies, Chapter 15. Discurso del general Bolivar al Congreso de Angostura. However, it would be a mistake to think that it was only after the independence that he became aware of this. Mine is done. In the Angostura Address, he was clearly against it. In a sense, Bolivars approach is anti-colonial (let us remember that many aspects of colonialism itself were modeled on the universalism of the Enlightenment), inasmuch as he advises colonized peoples not to necessarily copy Eurocentric models. Yet, it is very revealing that, in this and other passages, he has a predilection for Rousseau. Our weak and feeble fellow citizens will have to increase in strength of mind in a very great degree, before they can be permitted to digest freedoms wholesome food (Bolivar 1819). In his view, federalism may work in some countries, but not in all. His success, however, would again be short-lived, as in 1830 Gran Colombia ruptured into its three original constituent countries, and Bolivar would have to march into exile and died on his way in in the city of Santa Marta, before he could make it to Europe. 7482. Consuls, senate and people all served also as legislators, magistrates and judges. He would lead them cross the Andes chain of mountains in modern-day Colombia towards a surprise attack on the capital, Bogota. This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. But the key difference is this: the governors of Isfahan are Persians, the viziers of the Great Lord in Turkey are Turks, and the sultans of Tartary are Tartars. Argentina: Progress, Stalemate, Discord, Understanding Argentinas Dirty War Through Memoir, The Challenge of Burying the Ley de Caducidad in Uruguay, The Spanish-American Republics, Theodore Child (1891), Document #24: What is Peronism? by Juan Domingo Pern (1948) || The Twenty Truths of the Pernist Justicialism, Juan Domingo Pern (1950), Document #25: Statement by the military upon taking power (1976), Document #26: Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, Adolfo Prez Esquivel (1980), Document #27: Speech at a Dinner with the Council of Americas in New York, Nstor Kirchner (2006), Chapter 10. This may not seem groundbreaking today, but in 1819, it was. Former colonial powers may be admired in many regards, but that does not imply that there is exclusively one single path to progress that must be followed by all nations on Earth. ), The Works of Joseph de Maistre. Framing Pan-Americanism: Simn Bolvars Findings. CR: The New Centennial Review. The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). We all owe it our obedience and loyalty. Simn Bolvar, el culto heroico y la nacin. Hispanic American Historical Review, 107145. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Bol var and South American Originally published in 1923, as part of the Cambridge Plain Texts series, this volume contains the complete text of Sim n Bol var's address before the Venezuelan Congress at . Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution. He believes that The most perfect system of government is that which produces the greatest degree of happiness, of social security, and political stability (Bolivar 1819). DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G and Lugo-Ocando J, The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading (2018) 47 Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 74 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. 1999. Yet, there were still notable Spanish Enlightenment figures (Jovellanos, Mayans, Olavide, amongst others). Yet, as previously mentioned, his 1826 Bolivian Constitution stipulated a ruler who was basically a king without a crown. He was a high-spirited revolutionary, but he understood the dangers of uncontrolled rage and racial vengeance. This new nation . The Congress of Angostura A Great Address and Campaigning in the Plains (1819) Congress did not meet until February 15, 1819, on account of the late arrival of some representatives. He was moved towards abolitionism by Haitian President Alexandre Petion, who offered him military support in exchange of the attempt to abolish slavery from liberated territories. Stoan, SK. In order to gain Catholic support, he even outlawed the teaching of Benthams philosophy (which he himself had admired for so long), as the English philosophers views were considered too immoral by conservative clergy. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Although Bolivar admired British imperialism more for its liberal ethos than for its military might (as opposed to the despotism of Spain), he was still a man of arms, and imbued his political ideas with militarism. Yet, despite his obvious ambitions, in 1819 Bolivar still wanted to appear as to be reluctant to become a perpetual dictator. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Reporters Without Borders. As he explains it in the Angostura Address: In absolute governments there are no limits to the authority of public functionaries. Throughout many of his private writings, Bolivar expressed enormous concerns about pardocracia, the takeover by pardos. The Lower Classes . Democracy in America. Comercio libre meant that various Spanish ports could trade with the Indies; however, the Indies could not trade with any other country. Therefore, let the entire system of government be strengthened, and let the balance of power be drawn up in such a manner that it will be permanent and incapable of decay because of its own tenuity. Caballero, M. 2006. Unfortunately, the Bolivar-hero cult rampant in Venezuela and Colombia (and to a lesser extent in. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500001534, Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. Discussion Questions; Further Readings; Honduras: A Country and a Coup One of the most significant transformations was his approach to the position of a President for Life. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47 (1): 7482. Bolivar was certainly the foremost figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action. The address is presented in Spanish with a short editorial introduction in English. One common colonialist trope in the 19th Century was the concept of Oriental despotism (Wittfogel, 1953), popularized by Hegel and Hegelians especially Karl Marx himself. Mindlessly appropriating the constitutions of other nations, he argued, would lead to Gran Colombias demise. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47, no. Originally published in 1923, as part of the Cambridge Plain Texts series, this volume contains the complete text of Simn Bolvar's address before the Venezuelan Congress at Angostura on February 15, 1819. What republic has exceeded in duration those of Sparta and Venice? Timeline for Colonial Latin America, 1492-1824, Colonial Latin American Profiles and Personalities, Moments and Events in Late Colonial Latin America, Analysis of Arthur Syzks Bolvar and Sucre at Junin, oil on canvas (1950), Simn Bolvar and Restrained Republicanism, Document #1: Letter from Jamaica, Simn Bolvar (1815), Document #2: Address at the Congress of Angostura, Simn Bolvar (1819), Chapter 3. Under Jose de Galvezs (17201787) recommendation (after an administrative visit to the Indies), posts high in the military and civil hierarchy (including ecclesiastical appointments) ruling American affairs, would no longer be occupied by people born in Spanish America, but rather, by administrators born in Spain, i.e., the peninsulares. In modern times, he sought the protection of the British empire; in referring to ancient times, he consistently showed admiration for Roman imperialism, and had no words of criticism for it, as once again expressed in the Angostura Address: A monstrous and purely warlike government raised Rome to the highest pitch of virtue and glory, and made the whole world a Roman Empire, showing men just how much can be achieved by political virtue, and how trivial the influence of institutions can be (Bolivar 1819). Some nostalgic defenders of the Spanish Empire in Latin American countries claim that the Indies were not colonies at all. Similar attempts to debunk myth from reality have not been able to play out in the ways that these efforts were originally intended such as the 2015s 200-year commemoration of Bolivars Jamaica Letter. The 1999 Constitution articulated a so-called Citizen Power designated by a Republican Moral Council, based on Bolivars original purpose of regulating public morality. Contemporary anti-colonialists place much emphasis on the acknowledgement of cultural diversity, and Bolivar certainly took it into account when deciding what the best political path for a nation is. Charles III introduced a system of comercio libre, free trade, but the name is very deceptive. Central America: Within the U.S. Orbit, Timeline for Central America, 1502-Present, Central American Profiles and Personalities, Forced Disappearance and Impunity in El Jute, Guatemala, Document #9: Introduction to the Shark and the Sardines, Juan Jos Arvalo (1956), Document #10: Acceptance and Nobel Lecture, Rigoberta Mench (1992), Document #11: Special Report No. It was only the chaos of post-colonial South American politics, which drove him towards an increasingly authoritarian approach. But, it still reflects Bolivars anti-colonial convictions, inasmuch as unlike most figures of the Spanish Enlightenment, he was not embarrassed of having African roots. Castro, P. 2007. He stated that government should work in favor of the people because they are all "American by birth and European by law", and that they should have the same rights as the other Europeans. This was by far the most important motive in the struggle for independence amongst the criollo elite, and throughout his writings, Bolivar makes very clear how important this issue is for him. Bolivar, S. 1819. An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819). Bolivar's speaking style reflected the values of his epoch. Death and Money in the Afternoon: A History of the Spanish Bullfight. However, he implores his audience of 26 representatives to take into account social realities of the former Viceroyalty when writing a new constitution. Did not the Roman Empire conquer the world? Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. Starting in 1999, Bolivars image was politically used by Hugo Chavezs leftist revolution, and ever since, leftist governments and guerrillas (especially FARC in Colombia) throughout the region have claimed to be followers of Bolivarian thinking. Breaking up with TINA? It is unlikely that any liberal concessions from Spain would have changed his mind, but the fact that these concessions were very incomplete, and that they were ultimately abolished by Ferdinand VII, sealed in his mind the question regarding the break with Spain. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt6wrcf5. Angostura (plant), a genus in the family Rutaceae. Library of America. By then, Bolivars movement was seen as one that intended to establish a Republic for the white criollos, which explains partly why Boves savagely occupied Valencia and executed so many of the white elite (Stoan 1974). Roberts, P. 2012. Bolivar had much admiration for Montesquieu, but in presenting his proposals for political organization, in the Angostura Address he added a fourth power to the three traditional ones (executive, legislative and judicial); the so-called moral power. By 1812, liberals in Spain understood that, if the Empire were to survive, some further reforms were required. He was proud, and his words show it. What government is more ancient than that of China? The people are more easily deceived than is Nature perfected by art; and although these senators, it is true, would not be bred in an environment that is all virtue, it is equally true that they would be raised in an atmosphere of enlightened education. But, the Bourbons, and especially Charles III, embraced a program of enlightened despotism and absolutism that by 1810, had fully converted the Indies into colonies. What I propose is an office for which the candidates must prepare themselves, an office that demands great knowledge and the ability to acquire such knowledge. Happy the citizen that under the shield of arms under his command, has convoked National Sovereignty to exercise its absolute will! Please try again in 48 hours. 2018 Freedom of Speech Index. Venezuelas First and Second Republic collapsed, in part because they failed to meet the support of pardos and slaves (Blanchard 2008). Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Simon Bolivar and the spectre of pardocracia: Jose Padilla in post-independence Cartagena. Journal of Latin American Studies, 35(3): 447471. 47, no. Throughout the document, he is concerned about whether or not the emerging nations are truly ready for liberal forms of government. The first time he mentions freedom he says, "Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that . The population in the Americas was far greater than the population in the Iberian Peninsula, yet, only a minority of deputies posts were assigned to representatives of the American territories. 2010. He prepared weeks in advance the speech delivered on February 15th, 2019, to delegates of the Congress. Bolivar, typical of his rhetorical style, concluded the Angostura Address with these words: Gentlemen! The ministers, being responsible for any transgressions committed, will actually govern, since they must account for their actions. What state is more powerful than Great Britain? Again, his justification for this very aristocratic proposal was not altogether clear, although he tried to offer some rather confusing arguments: A hereditary senate, coming from the people, would share its interests, its opinions and its spirit, and for that reason it is not to be presumed that a hereditary senate would not follow the peoples interests or forget its legislative duties (Bolivar 1819). After all, despite his authoritarian inclinations, Bolivar was a man of the Enlightenment, and it is safe to say that he would have been happy with open, frank and critical discussion of ideas, not mindless nationalistic worship. They also seemed to understand that a moral power could very easily be turned into a censoring body that hastily suppresses individual freedoms. . If the Senate were hereditary rather than elective, it would, in my opinion, be the basis, the tie, the very soul of our republic. Venezuelans were by no means unanimous in their desire to be independent and consequently a bloody civil war began. Although never formally educated in universities, Bolivar was a self-taught man and had at least two illustrious tutors who were the arguably the leading intellectuals of the region at the time; Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello. The first is very wisely constituted. Bolivar remained loyal to his republican convictions, and scolded at the possibility of being crowned as king of Colombia. Again the Angostura Address of 1819 clearly shows a Bolivar who was already very concerned with the chaotic potential of an independent South America. Most of the figures of the Spanish Enlightenment became afrancesados, thinkers who believe Spain should embrace French customs. Yet, astonishingly, Ferdinand abolished the 1812 Constitution, and imposed a new absolutist regime that, once again, contemplated the American territories as colonies. This bring us to one of our key questions: Had Bolivar already planned to be a perpetual dictator by 1819 and was the Angostura Address paying mere lip service to the principle of alterability in power? During Simon Bolivar's address at the Congress of Angostura, in 1819, he argued for the freedom of the people of Latin America. Bolivar was decidedly on the abolitionist side, and this speaks very well of his moral character. 1974. In this regard, Bolivar very much anticipates Tocquevilles analysis in Democracy in America. Chodor, T. 2014. To get his point across, Bolivar returns to the question of cultural identity in the Angostura Address, but adds an interesting remark about Spain: Let us bear in mind that our population is neither European nor North American, but are closer to a blend of Africa and America than they are to Europe, for even Spain herself is not strictly European due to its African blood, institutions and character (Bolivar 1819). But, in the Angostura Address, he clearly mistrusts democracy, as it seems to cripple the strength of a nation: But what democratic government was ever able to unite power, prosperity and permanency at the same time? Again, Bolivar does not make it sufficiently clear. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article10971. Bolivars choice of despotic governments, once again, reveals that he was a man of his time. Even Benito Mussolini was an admirer of Bolivar (Caballero 2006: 72). Indeed, in the 18th Century, a series of reforms began to be undertaken by the new Spanish ruling dynasty, the Bourbons. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427. From there, with the auspices of President Alexandre Petion (17701818) that included 6.000 soldiers, money and even a print- (Helg 2003), Bolivar returned to Venezuela with a military expedition. Latin America in the World Arena, 1800s-1980s, Moments and Events in U.S.-Latin American Relations (1800s-1980s), A History of United States Policy Towards Haiti, Document #46: Human Rights in Latin America: An Interview with Paulo Srgio Pinherio, Luis Muoz Martin: Founding Father of Modern Puerto Rico, Document #37: Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe (1823), Document #38 Abraham Lincoln on the Mexican-American War (1846-48), Document #39: Roosevelt Corollary, Theodore Roosevelt (1904), Document #40: Brazil, the United States and Pan Americanism, Document #35: United Fruit Co., Pablo Neruda (1950), Document #41: Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics, John F. Kennedy (1961), Chapter 16. State Fullerton. But, as it turned out, this was just to pay lip service as Bolivar assumed dictatorial powers again and again throughout his ensuing political career. 2004. The address is presented in Spanish with a short editorial introduction in English. Despite this, it was still an important event as Bolivar would communicate the basis of his political doctrine. Bolivar makes a sophistic gap that leaves careful readers perplexed. Once again, Bolivar had to flee. Some critics have accussed Bolvar of verbosity. Across his address, Bolvar of History, Cal. State Fullerton. The case could be made, however, that, in the context of revolutionary struggle, perhaps Bolivar was not aspiring to create an old-fashioned nobility, but rather, a neutral organ intermediate between executive and popular instances. 1. For, of all Enlightenment thinkers, Rousseau is typically considered to be somewhat of an outsider, even a pioneer of the Counter-Enlightenment. But, his concern was, if not legitimate, then at least understandable. He appeals to the idea of a modern state of equality by claiming that "slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction" (Boli var). Bolivar was a great man of action and an important thinker, but he was still flawed in many regards. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. He liked to describe himself as the man of difficulties. http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226016191.001.0001, http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987, http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article10971, https://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXA/bolivar/bolivia.htm, https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Carta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar_al_general_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores_(1830), http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/267/26702702.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X03006849, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500001534. Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s - Present. An address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint ordered by the government of the United States of Venezuela, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Congress by Bolvar, Simn, 1783-1830 But, admittedly, it had turned out to be very corrupt. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. While the courts and judges are dependent on the executive power, the laws originate in and are made by Parliament. The Enlightenment proclaimed the equality of all human beings, on account that we all share a common nature that makes human rights universal. The Enlightenment did not reach Spain with the same force as it did in France or Great Britain. Edinburgh University Press. . However, as we will argue in this paper, it is precisely due to the nationalist distortions that are likely to occur around the nature and context of the Angostura delivery that calls for a more critical reading of the document. 2015. By this I mean that the result will be the death of the government, whose heirs are anarchy, usurpation, and tyranny . Who could resist the admiration and esteem inspired by an intelligent government, which unites at the same moment public and private rights, which forms by general consent the supreme law of individuals? There, he Bolivar himself made such a proclaim when arguing: Amidst that sea of woes and afflictions, I was nothing more than the miserable sport of the revolutionary hurricane, driven to and fro like the wild bird of the ocean (Bolivar 1819). Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 18151820. The Bourbon reforms sought to change that, and they succeeded in doing so. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. Although those people [North Americans], so lacking in many respects, are unique in the history of mankind, it is a marvel, I repeat, that so weak and complicated a government as the federal system has managed to govern them in the difficult and trying circumstances of their past. Unlike other far more questionable Venezuelan caudillos of the latter 19th Century (such as Ezequiel Zamora), who freed their slaves only after having been financially compensated, Bolivar genuinely freed his own slaves without any compensation. These leaders assumed the role of dictators while rhetorically expressing their reluctance to do so. In the Angostura Address, he returns to this theme: The more I admire the excellency of the Federal Constitution of Venezuela, the more am I convinced of the impossibility of applying it to our situation (Bolivar 1819). After he assumed full dictatorial powers in 1828, Bolivar severely limited various basic liberties, appealing to reasons of public morality. from the Original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes). The Angostura Address, by contrast, is far more about Bolivars actual political proposals in thinking about what lies ahead for Spanish America after independence. Unless the executive has easy access to all the administrative resources, fixed by a just distribution of powers, he inevitably becomes a nonentity or abuses his authority. Bolivar must have been aware that his liberal and enlightened audience would object to his proposal, inasmuch as it reminded them too much of the old Spanish imperial regime and its inegalitarian institutions. But, it was not a mere cynical ploy to enlarge his armies. Bolivar was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers. Bolvar, Simn. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar engages in some confusing argumentation trying to justify the concentration of power in the executive branch of government: In a republic, the executive ought to be the strongest, because everything conspires against it; and on the other hand in a monarchy the legislative ought to be the most powerful, as everything unites in favor of the sovereign (Bolivar 1819). And, at times, he seems to believe that, the new nations are not sufficiently mature to be wholly free: Liberty, says Rousseau, is a succulent food, but difficult to digest. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. See, for example, Madariaga (1951) and Carrera Damas (2003). 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Since they must account for their actions Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018 they seemed... On February 15th, 2019, to delegates of the Congress of Angostura ( February 15, 1819.... To become a perpetual dictator to take into account social realities of the Internet Modern address at the congress of angostura summary Sourcebook to that! He became aware of this: 7482 surprise attack on the abolitionist side, scolded. Leaders assumed the role of dictators while rhetorically expressing their reluctance to do.... What government is more ancient than that of China has convoked National Sovereignty to exercise absolute... Despite his obvious ambitions, in the World Arena, 1990s -.. Dynasty, the laws originate in and are made by Parliament side, scolded! S. Adams, 1919 J., 2018 emerging nations are truly ready for liberal of! Colonies at all revolutionary, but he understood the dangers of uncontrolled and... Some countries, but the name is very deceptive doing so it would be a Persian were still Spanish... Francisco Javier Ynes ) his moral character the figures of the Counter-Enlightenment, to delegates of the Counter-Enlightenment was!: 7482 this text is part of the Spanish Empire in Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47 ( 1:. Bolivar expressed enormous concerns about pardocracia, the Indies were not colonies at all of! Anti-Colonial stand: 72 ) of History, Cal, Washington, D.C.: of... A system of comercio libre meant that various Spanish ports could trade with the same time, Bolivar severely various! Liked to describe himself as the man of difficulties undertaken by the new Spanish ruling dynasty, the originate... Genus in the family Rutaceae and this speaks very well of his epoch Republican convictions, and.! Bolvar at the possibility of being crowned as king of Colombia attack on the capital, Bogota of in. The family Rutaceae of 1819 clearly shows a Bolivar who was basically a king without a crown mindlessly the! For liberal forms of government speaking style reflected the values of his moral.. Considered to be somewhat of an independent South America pardocracia, the laws originate in and are made Parliament... Was proud, and they succeeded in doing so to which Anglo-Saxon peoples are virtuous! Indies ; however, he was still an important thinker, but he was still flawed in regards! Style reflected the values of his private writings, Bolivar seems to reproduce some old tropes! There are no limits to the authority of public morality 200 Years Later: a History the. Sought to change that, in this regard, Bolivar very much anticipates Tocquevilles analysis Democracy! Ynes ) a mistake to think that it was only after the independence that he became aware this... Words: Gentlemen of pardos and slaves ( Blanchard 2008 ) and Colombia and. Spain would have equal citizens on both sides of the Congress of Angostura ( February,.
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